@article {38220,
	title = {The effect of calprotectin on the nucleation and growth of struvite crystals as assayed by light microscopy in real-time},
	journal = {The Journal of urologyThe Journal of urology},
	volume = {159},
	year = {1998},
	note = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9507889?dopt=Abstract},
	abstract = {PURPOSE: To use light microscopy to observe the urease-induced growth of struvite crystals in real-time, and to compare the effects of various proteins on that growth. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Artificial urine, with and without citrate, and a minimal urine solution containing only urea and the components of struvite and apatite were incubated with urease and test proteins in the depressions of culture slides. The number and size of rectangular and X-shaped struvite crystals were recorded using a low-power phase contrast microscope. RESULTS: The formation of crystalline struvite appears to occur after the formation of an amorphous calcium- and magnesium-containing phase. The extent of this amorphous phase is dependent on the presence of calcium and citrate, both of which strongly promote its formation over the crystalline phase. alpha-globulin, gamma-globulin and chymotrypsin inhibitor all result in the same amount of crystalline struvite as bovine serum albumin which is used as a control. Calprotectin, on the other hand, causes consistent and significant reductions in the number and size of struvite crystals under a wide range of conditions. No changes in the morphology of the struvite crystals were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Calprotectin, the dominant protein of infection stone matrix, has distinctive properties which affect the formation and growth of struvite crystals. The presence of citrate in synthetic urine dramatically reduces the number of struvite crystals observed. The present method for observing the effects of putative infection stone inhibitors appears to have merit.},
	keywords = {Crystallization, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex, Magnesium Compounds, Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules, Phosphates, Time factors},
	author = {Asakura, H. and J. Selengut and Orme-Johnson, W. H. and Dretler, S. P.}
}
@article {38336,
	title = {Identification of the calcium-binding protein calgranulin in the matrix of struvite stones},
	journal = {Journal of endourology / Endourological SocietyJournal of endourology / Endourological Society},
	volume = {8},
	year = {1994},
	note = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8061680?dopt=Abstract},
	abstract = {The identification of calcium-binding proteins in urine and kidney stones has led to a closer look at the role of matrix proteins in urolithiasis. We analyzed five struvite stones for protein content and identified two bands (8 and 14 KDa) that were confirmed by gel electrophoresis and amino acid sequencing to be calgranulin. This protein, which is known by several other names, has bacteriostatic antifungal activity. Its role in the formation of struvite stones warrants further investigation.},
	keywords = {Amino Acid Sequence, Calcium-Binding Proteins, Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal, Electrophoresis, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, HUMANS, Kidney Calculi, Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex, Magnesium Compounds, Molecular Sequence Data, Phosphates},
	author = {Bennett, J. and Dretler, S. P. and J. Selengut and Orme-Johnson, W. H.}
}
